Zinc fingers in action
24/09/24, 13:30
Unraveling the mysteries of protein-DNA interactions
Zinc-finger proteins are one of the most prevalent proteins used in DNA-binding motifs in biological processes. They are common as eukaryotic transcriptional factors. As they are structurally diverse, they interact in cellular processes like RNA packaging, DNA recognition, and transcriptional activation.
Cys2His2 zinc- finger proteins are significant in cellular processes because of their short helical structure. The motif forms from a few amino acid sequences that contain cysteine and histidine residues that coordinate to a zinc ion. The zinc ions are crucial in stabilising the protein during folding. They also hold the α-helix and β-sheetstructures in place. The protein’s stability comes from the weak hydrophobic core and zinc coordination created by chelating. The zinc-finger/DNA complex is formed from the fingers interacting with up to four bases. The zinc finger DNA complex was first discovered from the transcription factor TFIIIA. The transcription factor had a ninefold pattern containing hydrophobic residues, histidine, and cysteine. The zinc finger motif was then concluded to consist of thirty amino acids and have a DNA binding domain with a zinc ion. This was confirmed by an extended x-ray absorption fine structure analysis. It was concluded that the contacts between the DNA strand and α helix occur due to hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals interactions. From these studies, the structures of zinc finger domains play vital roles in many processes other than DNA binding.
Their tertiary structure allows the proteins to act as DNA-binding motifs. The alpha helix functions as the protein recognition component by inserting the protein into the main groove of DNA. Immobilizing zinc-finger proteins on a polymer chip can be used as an example to identify infections in the human body.
This section provides a summary of the many kinds of DNA recognition and the generic protein-folding principles. Firstly, a specific binding site probe is needed to identify the DNA sequence region. This allows the identification of specific base pairs in the sequence. The hydrogen bonds between the amino acids in the zinc-finger proteins and DNA bases allow the zinc- finger proteins to bind to non-specific backbone phosphates. The non-specific backbone phosphates are formed from the interactions in the major and minor grooves of the DNA. The zinc-finger DNA interactions contribute substantially to hydrogen bonding and overall binding energy.
To conclude, zinc fingers are very common structural motifs that are used as model systems to investigate how these proteins can recognise DNA sequences. This research has been involved in developing important therapeutic tools. Their unique structure allows them to be heavily involved in DNA binding, most commonly the Cys2His2 fingers. These binding interactions can be further explored to understand how certain target genes are bound to or how inhibitors can show the pharmacological properties of the zinc finger proteins.
Written by Anam Ahmed